Goofs : Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone

Revealing mistakes: The mechanism which makes the Quidditch box shake can be seen underneath the box when Wood falls over after catching the Bludger.

Miscellaneous: As the three children run across the field to Hagrid's hut, Harry says a few lines ending with "... why didn't I see it before?" Hermione is mouthing Harry's lines with him.

Factual errors: The snake that Harry talks to blinks. Snakes don't have eyelids, making it impossible for them to blink. It is repeatedly pointed out that snakes can't talk, either, but in the context of the movie, this is acceptable, while the snake's blink is a simple mistake.

Crew or equipment visible: When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are struggling in the Devil's Snare, a puppeteer can be seen on the left of the screen, working at least some of the masses of tendrils.

Continuity: During the train journey, Ron's hair is parted in several different places.

Continuity: Harry's glasses sometimes have lenses, and sometimes don't, as do Dumbledore's.

Continuity: On the train, the same hill as well as lake (as seen by the waves in the middle of the water) are seen multiple times.
Audio/visual unsynchronized: Harry, Dudley, and Uncle Vernon during the flying letters sequence.

Revealing mistakes: When Uncle Vernon is ripping up the letters that come through the mail slot, you can see that the envelopes had already been cut, making it easier for him to rip up.

Crew or equipment visible: When Harry is in Ollivander's, after he goes up to Hagrid standing outside of the shop with Hedwig, you can clearly see the reflection of a camera in the window.

Audio/visual unsynchronized: When Harry is going home on the Hogwarts Express he says "I'm not going home, not really". The next view of the camera shows that Harry is still saying "not really" but you can't hear the words

Continuity: When Harry, Ron and Hermione are talking to Hagrid about Fluffy, Ron's scarf goes from being on his shoulder to being draped over his shoulder.

Revealing mistakes: At Halloween, Dumbledore announces for the teachers to follow him to the dungeon to find the troll. The next shot is of McGonagall and in front of her you can see the strings holding up the "floating" candles.

Miscellaneous: When Harry receives countless acceptance letters from Hogwarts, he fights with Uncle Vernon, saying the dialogue "They're my letters! Give it to me!" Harry's voice is far deeper than the Harry in the rest of the movie, indicating this line was re-dubbed long after main production when Daniel Radcliffe's voice had already begun to change.

Miscellaneous: When Harry receives his first letter, Uncle Vernon says "Your letter? Who would be writing to you?", Dudley is standing next to him and is seen mouthing Uncle Vernon's lines.

Continuity: When Hermione runs across the field her bag switches arms.

Revealing mistakes: When Dumbledore is awarding Neville 10 points, you can see the plastic used to make Neville's ears stick out when he turns toward Harry.

Continuity: When Harry wakes up in the beginning of the movie his shirt is tucked in the back of is trousers. In the next shot it is not.

Revealing mistakes: In the scene with the flying keys, we can see the string holding up the broomstick just before Harry grabs it.

Continuity: When Harry goes looking for a book on Nicolas Flamel in the restricted section he opens up the screaming book to the first page. When the book starts to scream he is in the middle of the book.

Crew or equipment visible: When Harry, Ron, and Hermione just left Fluffy for the first time and walk into their dorm area, we see, under the painting, the feet of someone closing the painting.

Continuity: The note that Hagrid gives to the teller in the bank is wrinkled in one shot, neat and clean in the next, and then back to wrinkled.

Continuity: When Hagrid's cabin is shown the windows are so high up that even Hagrid can't see through them while standing on the ground. Later in the film, when Draco Malfoy spies on Hagrid through the window, the window appears to be at his eye level, and he turns and runs away, revealing that he wasn't standing on anything to make him tall enough to reach the window.

Continuity: In Diagon Alley, Harry and Hagrid walk past the same cart and storefront three times. In the opening wide shot, they walk past the purple storefront with the yellow moving scissors and the cart of market goods in front of it. Three shots later, the storefront and cart are shown again in detail, as Harry and Hagrid pass. The next shot shows them passing the cart (with a stack of cauldrons in the background). Several shots later, after passing the store with the owls, they are seen once again passing the cart with the same stack of cauldrons in the background.

Continuity: Just after passing Madam Malkin's shop and before the owl emporium in Diagon Alley, a woman dressed all in black and a man with a burgandy top hat and mutton chops pass on Harry's right walking in the opposite direction. In the next shot, as Harry looks to his left, the same pair can be seen standing and chatting in the doorway of the owl emporium.

Continuity: In Diagon Alley, Harry and Hagrid pass many groups of people multiple times, though they appear to be walking continuously in one direction. Watch for the wizard with curly red hair, the man with a top hat and mutton chops, and the group of three girls who cross in the foreground of the opening shot.

Continuity: When Ron gets drooled on by Fluffy and gets wet, but two shots later he's completely dry.

Errors in geography: When Harry arrives at Hogwarts, Professor McGonagall announces that the Sorting Ceremony will begin "momentarily". In UK English, momentarily means "for a moment" (i.e. briefly), and a Scottish witch as pedantic and precise as McGonagall would never use the American meaning of the word ("in a moment" or "soon"), even though the American meaning might be well understood. Then again, given that the otherwise equally pedantic Snape says "less" when he means "fewer", it could just be that the teaching staff's use of English is just as sloppy as it is in schools all over the muggle world.

Continuity: When the first years climb the stairs and meet Professor McGonagall for the first time, Ron's robe is hanging partly open in one shot, but is closed in the next.

Audio/visual unsynchronized: When Harry and Ron are fighting the troll in the girl's toilet, they use a spell to lift the troll's club over its head and drop it. The club does hit the troll and makes an appropriate sound effect, but then the club falls to the floor, it makes no sound at all.
Incorrectly regarded as goofs: Many viewers believe that the infant Harry in the flashback is wearing anachronistic Blue's Clues pajamas. The design on the sleeve is actually a rabbit.

Crew or equipment visible: During the chess scene, the shadow of a figure can be seen covering a light shining on the chess board near the bottom of the screen.

Continuity: When Harry, wearing his cloak of invisibility, spies on Professor Quirrell being bullied by Professor Snape, the shots filmed from Harry's point of view have him at eye level with the adults even though he is clearly shorter than they are.

Continuity: In the scene in the hut on the rock, where Hagrid comes to fetch Harry, Harry's T-shirt is hanging off his left shoulder at the beginning of the scene, however, for the rest of the scene, it is covering both his shoulders.

Audio/visual unsynchronized: In the scene following the defeat of the troll, Quirrel is shown speaking with the other professors, at which point they, and the trio, leave the girls' bathroom. Their footsteps are clearly heard as they move down the hall; however, in the next shot of the troll laying on the floor, the sound effects have ceased. In the last shot, of Quirrell jumping nervously in response to the troll grunting, the footsteps can again be heard.

Crew or equipment visible: At the zoo, as Harry is talking to the snake, just before Dudley rushes over, you can see the reflection of a cameraman and camera just above the snake.

Continuity: When Mr. Dursley is talking about how there's no post on Sundays and the first letter shoots out of the fireplace, the log poker is in the middle of the hearth, when all the other letters come shooting out, the poker is on the right side.

Miscellaneous: When Filch enters the Restricted Section of the library in search of the disturbance, he passes Harry, who's hiding under the Invisibility Cloak. The camera angle leads the viewer to believe Harry is as tall or taller than Filch. Harry should be a foot or two shorter.

Continuity: When confronted by the Troll, Hermione runs into the first bathroom stall. When the Troll attacks the stalls Hermione is in the 4th stall.

Continuity: When the troll attacks Hermione the first time, its club demolishes the first three stalls. Right before the troll swings its club again, the door of the second stall is still standing.

Plot holes: Quirrell's body begins to disintegrate as soon as Harry touched him. However, if this was the case, why was Quirrell able to choke Harry and remain intact?

Factual errors: According to the book, Hogwarts students reach the train by going through platform no. 9¾, which is secretly located in the barrier between platforms 9 and 10. In reality, platforms 9 and 10 are in separate buildings, and there is no barrier between them, but railway tracks. People wrote to Rowling about this, and she admitted getting confused between King's Cross and Euston stations.

Miscellaneous: When Hermione uses the spell "Alohomora" to open the door to the room in which Fluffy is locked up, she uses her left hand, but a few scenes later, in the Charms lesson, the shot clearly shows her using her right hand to perform the spell "Wingardium Leviosa".
Continuity: During the first meeting of Harry, Ron and Hermione on the Hogwarts Express, Hermione's tie changes from being crooked to one side, to straight then back to crooked again

Continuity: When Harry is trying to come out of his cupboard and Dudley shoves him back in, Harry emerges rubbing his head as if the door had hit him, but he was too far away by the time Dudley had slammed the door for it to be anywhere near his head.

Miscellaneous: During the flying lesson Madam Hooch tells them all to kick off from the ground on her whistle. However, Neville is the only one who does.

Revealing mistakes: When Harry and Hagrid are in the Bank at Diagon Alley. Hagrid gives the goblin a card. Multiple time through camera shots the cards corners have been bent and smoothed.
Crew or equipment visible: When Harry takes Ron to the Mirror of Erised, when Harry drops his cloak and runs away, you can clearly see the lime green from the outside.

Continuity: Dudley eats Harry's birthday cake with his hands, but when he turns around, after Hagrid has given him a pig tail, there is no cake or icing on his hands or face.

Miscellaneous: When Harry, Ron, and Hermione are walking up the stairs and the stairs are changing, you can still see the banister wobbling back and forth even after they've reached their final position.

Factual errors: During the chess scene, the bishop moves in a straight, rather than diagonal line as he attacks the bishop.

Miscellaneous: During the chess scene when the chess pieces and being destroyed the bits of rubble can be seen flying in opposite directions and sometimes even just a split second before the actual piece is destroyed.

Crew or equipment visible: At Kings Cross the camera crew is reflected on the side of the train on the right.

".........petrificus totalis........."

Summary of Order of the Phoenix

Harry is at the Dursleys for the summer. He becomes angry and frustrated that he doesn't hear anything about the activities of Lord Voldemort or of the wizarding world in general. After an argument with his aunt and uncle, Harry wanders around Little Whinging and spots his obnoxious cousin, Dudley. Dementors suddenly appear and attack, but Harry repels them with a Patronus Charm, although Dudley is severely affected by the encounter. When their neighbour, Mrs. Figg, arrives to help, Harry is astonished to learn she is actually a Squib, placed there by Professor Dumbledore to watch over him.

Vernon and Petunia blame Harry for Dudley's condition and demand that he leave. Harry receives an owl letter stating he has been expelled from Hogwarts for performing magic outside school. Several more letters arrive in quick succession: Arthur Weasley and Sirius Black warn Harry not to leave the house, while another overturns his expulsion and orders him to appear at a hearing at the Ministry of Magic. A Howler for Harry's aunt arrives from Dumbledore, who sternly warns her, "Remember my last, Petunia!" Visibly shaken, she tells Vernon that Harry has to stay.

Soon, Remus Lupin, Mad-Eye Moody and Nymphadora Tonks, among others, arrive to escort Harry to 12 Grimmauld Place, Sirius Black's home in London, which now serves as the secret headquarters for the Order of the Phoenix. There he is reunited with the Weasleys, Hermione, and Sirius, who is confined to the house while the Ministry still hunts him (see Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban). Harry is angry and argumentative with Ron and Hermione for withholding information about Voldemort, but they maintain that Dumbledore ordered them to absolute secrecy. Harry nonetheless manages to learn quite a bit about what has transpired but is unhappy to find out that both his friends have been made school Prefects while he has not.

Although both Harry and Dumbledore have sworn that Lord Voldemort has returned, few believe them. Indeed, the complacent Ministry of Magic, keen to avoid panic, have discredited them, using the wizarding newspaper The Daily Prophet to imply both Harry and Dumbledore are eccentric liars. Dumbledore's supporters, however, have revived the Order of the Phoenix to renew the battle against Voldemort.

Chapterwise Summary

Harry on Trial
The hearing for Harry's possible expulsion from Hogwarts finally arrives. The household is filled with trepidation, but everyone is confident Harry will be acquitted because underage wizards are permitted to use magic in self-defence. Arriving at the Ministry of Magic, Harry and Mr. Weasley discover that the hearing's time and location have been changed without their knowledge. They make it just in time, only to learn that the hearing is actually a trial with the entire Wizengamot assembled. This appears to be an attempt to intimidate Harry and to prevent Dumbledore coming to his defence, but the ancient wizard and headmaster of Hogwarts appears nonetheless. Mrs. Figg is also present and testifies that the Dementors were real and not figments of Harry's imagination or a lie. Harry is exonerated. Strangely, Dumbledore scarcely pays any attention to Harry and leaves without speaking to him. As Harry leaves the Ministry, he spots Lucius Malfoy conferring with Cornelius Fudge. Harry is shocked, as Malfoy is a suspected Death Eater, but Mr. Weasley alludes to bribery.

Return to Hogwarts
Harry and his companions return to school. On the Hogwarts Express they share a compartment with Ravenclaw student, Luna Lovegood, a rather odd girl whose father publishes The Quibbler, a quirky tabloid she claims prints important stories, although they appear to be unfounded sensationalist speculation. Back at Hogwarts, they discover Hagrid has not yet returned, and their new Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher is Dolores Umbridge, one of the panel members at Harry's Wizengamot hearing. Umbridge does not let students practice any magic in her classes, only allowing them to read the textbook. Appointed against Dumbledore's wishes, it is apparent she is there to spy on the school and impose the Ministry of Magic's agenda. In the meantime, the teachers are pushing hard to prepare Fifth-year students for the O.W.L. exams. Through a succession of Decrees passed by the Ministry of Magic, Professor Umbridge gains more influence at the school, culminating in her appointment as High Inquisitor. She begins intrusive and intimidating inspections of the teachers. In a letter to Ron, Percy Weasley, who now works for Cornelius Fudge, congratulates his younger brother on being made Prefect but advises him to 'sever ties' with Harry, who he says is an unbalanced, dangerous person to fraternise with. He also recommends Ron report anything unusual to Umbridge, "a very lovely, helpful woman." He hints this may be Dumbledore's final year at Hogwarts. Furious, Ron shreds and burns Percy's letter, choosing to remain loyal to Harry.

Umbridge's Oppression
It becomes apparent to the students that Umbridge is a particularly unpleasant character. Her lessons consist solely of reading the textbook with no practical training whatsoever. She states that there is no danger out there where the students would be compelled to use the practical applications to defend themselves, but the reality is that Minister Fudge fears that Dumbledore is secretly training a wizard army against the Ministry. In light of Umbridge's refusal to teach anything useful, Hermione convinces Harry to start secret lessons for students wanting to learn practical Defence Against the Dark Arts. He reluctantly agrees, and all the participants sign a paper swearing never to reveal the existence of the newly-named "Dumbledore's Army" to Umbridge. Hagrid finally returns, although he is badly bruised and battered. After some persuasion, he eventually divulges the details of his failed secret mission with Madam Maxine to recruit the giants to the Order's side to Harry, but he is reluctant to explain his injuries. Both he and Professor Sybill Trelawney are placed under heavy scrutiny by Umbridge, who views both incompetent and is prejudiced against "half-breeds" like Hagrid, who is half-human, half-giant. As Umbridge convinces Fudge to pass more edicts, activities in the school are severely curtailed. All student activities and organizations are banned until Umbridge reinstates them; the Slytherin Quidditch team is almost immediately reactivated, but the Gryffindor team is held up until Minerva McGonagall goes over Umbridge's head to Dumbledore. This eventually causes Dumbledore's own power as Headmaster to become secondary, in many respects, to Umbridge. Meanwhile, Ron becomes the new keeper for the Gryffindor Quidditch team. The Slytherins compose a taunting ditty entitled "Weasley is Our King" in an attempt to intimidate Ron into playing poorly. It succeeds, but Harry captures the Snitch in the first game to clinch victory. However, a fight provoked by Draco Malfoy results in Umbridge banning Harry and Fred and George Weasley from playing. Ginny Weasley replaces Harry as Seeker.

Dumbledore's Army
The Defence Against the Dark Arts classes, led by Harry, secretly continue. The students now call themselves the "D.A.", initially for Defence Association but that becomes Dumbledore's Army. The name expresses the students' defiance against the paranoid and complacent Minister of Magic, Cornelius Fudge and their loyalty to Dumbledore. Harry begins having strange dreams, mostly about running down a hallway and attempting to open a door in the Ministry of Magic's Department of Mysteries. Soon, however, Dumbledore places Harry under Severus Snape's tutelage to learn Occlumency, to prevent his thoughts from being penetrated. Eventually, their mutual animosity causes the training to be discontinued. However, during one session, Harry glimpses one of Snape's memories, revealing that Harry's father, James, and Sirius were school bullies who taunted Snape mercilessly. Hermione blackmails journalist Rita Skeeter into writing a story about Harry and Voldemort that refutes The Daily Prophet's barbs about Harry and exposes the truth about Voldemort's return. Furious, Umbridge bans the paper inside the school, but the story spreads quickly, gathering support for Harry and Dumbledore. Empowered by Ministry edicts, Umbridge sacks Professor Trelawney, but Dumbledore, citing his remaining authority as Headmaster, allows Trelawney to stay in residence at the castle. He also recruits a replacement Divination teacher, the centaur, Firenze. Umbridge dislikes what she refers to as "half-breeds," and is furious Dumbledore outwitted her with her own rules; an earlier Ministry Decree gave the Ministry power to make appointments when the Headmaster is unable to find a satisfactory candidate.

A Dating Disaster
Harry is attracted to pretty Ravenclaw Quidditch player Cho Chang, but he is awkward and shy around her. Her intense grief over Cedric Diggory's recent death makes him uncomfortable, although he is elated when they share a kiss under the Christmas mistletoe. During a Valentine's Day outing to Hogsmeade, their fragile relationship is further damaged when Cho becomes jealous over his friendship with Hermione. At first, Harry is amused over her misunderstanding and bursts out laughing, but this deeply offends Cho. Bursting into tears, she runs out of the teashop, much to Harry's embarrassment. Things unravel further after the DA meetings are exposed and Umbridge catches Harry. When he is taken to Dumbledore's office, he discovers that Cho's friend, Mariette Edgecombe is the informant. To protect the students, Dumbledore panders to Fudge's paranoia by telling him and Umbridge that he formed the DA to depose Fudge as Minister of Magic. Dumbledore spectacularly stuns the Ministry officials and is transported away by his pet phoenix, Fawkes, before he is able to be arrested. After his departure, Umbridge is appointed Headmistress. She quickly forms an Inquisitorial Squad, which bullies some of the students. The Weasley twins lead something of a revolt against the new Headmistress, creating mayhem throughout the school with their magical pranks while the Hogwarts teachers pointedly do nothing to help the new Headmistress. Both Harry and Cho defend their respective friends' actions, which leads to a heated argument. Seeing tears in Cho's eyes, Harry warns her that he won't tolerate her crying anymore. Stung, Cho storms off angrily, after which the two stop speaking, ending their relationship. Fred and George set off a decoy prank so Harry can sneak into Umbridge's office to talk to Sirius via the fireplace — the only one not under surveillance. The twins are caught, but they jump on their brooms and depart the school for good, leaving behind a magical swamp inside the school. As they depart, they announce the forthcoming opening of their own joke shop, 'Weasley's Wizard Wheezes', in Diagon Alley.

Sirius in Trouble
bleDuring the nighttime Astronomy O.W.L. exam, Harry witnesses unknown persons attempting to capture and expel Hagrid. Professor McGonagall attempts to intervene but is hit by Stunning Spells, incapacitating her and sending her to the hospital. During a later O.W.L. exam, Harry has a vision that Voldemort is torturing Sirius in the Department of Mysteries. Harry desperately attempts to contact Sirius via the fireplace in Umbridge's office, but the Black family's house-elf, Kreacher, tricks Harry into believing Sirius has vanished, when he is, in fact, tending to the Hippogriff Buckbeak. Umbridge and her minions — mainly Slytherin students — capture Harry and some of his friends. Unaware that Snape is an Order of the Phoenix member, Umbridge asks him for Veritaserum to use on Harry, but he claims he has none left. Harry uses Sirius' nickname ("Padfoot") to try and warn Snape that Sirius is in danger, but Snape seemingly ignores him and leaves. Umbridge tells Harry that it was she who ordered the Dementors to attack him during the summer and prepares to use an Unforgivable Curse on him. Thinking fast, Hermione concocts a story that Dumbledore has a powerful weapon hidden in the Forbidden Forest. She says that she and Harry will lead Umbridge to it.

Escape to London
Hermione, along with Harry, leads Umbridge to where she told her Dumbledore hid a "weapon" in the forest. There they encounter the haughty centaurs, who are furious that one of their brethren now works for humans. Hermione knows they are disposed to hate adult wizards, and when Umbridge foolishly insults them, they break her wand and carry her off screaming into the woods. The other centaurs are about to attack Harry and Hermione when Hagrid's half-brother - a "small" giant named Grawp that Hagrid has been hiding in the woods, suddenly appears, scattering the creatures. Ron, Ginny, Luna, and Neville arrive, having escaped their "Inquisitorial Squad" captors, and the group flies to the Ministry on the school's thestrals. Arriving at the Department of Mysteries, they find the room in Harry's dream. There is no sign of Sirius, but Harry sees rows of shelves containing glass balls, one of which has his and Voldemort's name on it, with the note "S.P.T. to A.P.W.B.D." (This is actually "Sibyll Patricia Trelawney to Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore", as it was the former who made it and the latter who heard it). Death Eaters suddenly appear and demand the glass sphere. These include Lucius Malfoy, MacNair (the Ministry executioner of "dangerous beasts"), former Department of Mysteries employee Rookwood, and Bellatrix Lestrange, Sirius' cousin and one of the people convicted of torturing Neville Longbottom's parents into insanity. Harry discovers later that the glass orb contains a prophecy about himself and Voldemort. Voldemort knows only the beginning of the prophecy and he hopes the full contents will reveal the remainder. Only those who are the subject of a prophecy are able to take the sphere from its shelf without suffering insanity. It turns out that, unwilling to risk exposing his revived existence, Voldemort lured Harry to the Ministry to retrieve it for him. Realising there was a mental connection between himself and Harry, Voldemort implanted a false vision of Sirius being tortured, knowing Harry would try to rescue him.

The Battle at the Ministry
A fight erupts between the students and the Death Eaters. Most of the students are injured and nearly defeated. Tipped off by Snape, Order of the Phoenix members, including Sirius, arrive in time. During the ensuing battle, the prophecy sphere is shattered, against the Death Eaters' wishes. Tragically, Sirius is struck by a curse from his cousin, the Death Eater Bellatrix Lestrange. His body falls through a mysterious veiled archway and vanishes. Seeking revenge, Harry chases Bellatrix into the atrium, attempting to jinx her and even going as far as casting the Cruciatus Curse on her. Bellatrix blocks every spell except for the Cruciatus and demands the prophecy. Lord Voldemort apparates inside the atrium, and his terrible anger causes Harry's scar to hurt too intensely for him to be able to fight. However, Dumbledore suddenly appears and blocks a killing curse that Voldemort hurls at Harry. Voldemort and Dumbledore duel, and after a dramatic fight he possesses Harry's body and tries to goad Dumbledore into killing him, but the force of Harry's love makes the possession unbearable to Voldemort, who finally relents and disapparates with Bellatrix. Meanwhile, Ministry employees arrive in time to see Voldemort. Among them is Cornelius Fudge, who finally believes Voldemort has returned. In turn, The Daily Prophet reverses its hostile attitude towards the pair, restoring their reputations and praising them for warning the wizarding community of Voldemort's return.

The Prophecy
Safely back at Hogwarts, Dumbledore explains to Harry why he distanced himself from him during the year. He had sensed Voldemort's growing power over Harry—indeed, on more than one occasion, Harry was filled with a desire to strike down Dumbledore. Dumbledore also realised that Voldemort could learn about the Order of the Phoenix's plans through Harry, and deliberately concealed information from him. He tells Harry he regrets not teaching him Occlumency himself and underestimated Snape's deep-seated resentment towards his father, James. He also reveals the entire prophecy to Harry. When Dumbledore interviewed Sybill Trelawney for the Divination post sixteen years ago at the Hog's Head Inn in Hogsmeade, she unknowingly lapsed into a trance and prophesied that:
"The one with the power to vanquish the Dark Lord approaches...born to those who have thrice defied him, born as the seventh month dies...and the Dark Lord will mark him as his equal, but he will have power the Dark Lord knows not...and either must die at the hand of the other for neither can live while the other survives...the one with the power to vanquish the Dark Lord will be born as the seventh month dies..."
This was interpreted to mean that Voldemort would kill either Harry or Neville Longbottom who were both born at the end of July, or one of them would kill him. However, Voldemort only heard part of the prophecy, as his spy, who was eavesdropping on the conversation between Trelawney and Dumbledore, was thrown out before Trelawney completed the prediction. (The eavesdropper is later identified in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.) After Voldemort attacked baby Harry, the latter part of the prophecy was realised, and Harry, not Neville, became his foe and would kill or be killed by him. Had Voldemort heard the entire prophecy, he would have known that by attacking Harry he would transfer some of his own powers to him. Dumbledore remarks to Harry that this was Trelawney's first true prediction. The one in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was her second. Harry also learns why he must stay with the Dursleys each summer. When Harry's mother died protecting him, her sacrifice cast a protective spell on him that is sustained as long as he lives among his maternal blood relatives. Aunt Petunia, Lily's sister, therefore acts as Harry's protector, a role Dumbledore reminded her of when he sent her the howler. Dumbledore goes into the Forbidden Forest and retrieves Dolores Umbridge from the centaurs. She is confined to the hospital wing in a severely traumatised state, although she is expected to recover.
Harry returns to the Dursleys', but not without Vernon and Petunia receiving a stern warning from a menacing Alastor Moody to treat Harry better. Changes are brewing in the wizarding world. Indeed, the last chapter of the book is entitled "The Second War Begins."

Notes
The Death Eaters captured at the Ministry were: Lucius Malfoy, Nott, Jugson, Rodolphus Lestrange, Antonin Dolohov, Crabbe, Rabastan Lestrange, Walden Macnair, Avery, Augustus Rookwood, and Mulciber. Lord Voldemort and Bellatrix Lestrange were also at the Ministry, but they escaped. This list includes most of the Death Eaters whose names were known to the reader at this time, though Peter Pettigrew and Goyle were both absent from this mission and likely others as well, given the number of Death Eaters that Harry saw at Voldemort's rebirth in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.

Domestic Animals

INTRODUCTION

Animal Husbandry, breeding, feeding, and management of animals, or livestock, for the production of food, fibre, work, and pleasure. Animals furnish more than one-fourth of the world’s total value of agricultural products. They supply a much higher proportion of human food in the developed countries than elsewhere. Most domesticated animals have multiple uses; for example, animals kept primarily for work also supply milk, meat, and clothing materials. The animals and their uses, however, are closely associated with the culture and experience of the people who care for them. Environmental influences such as climate also play an important role in the domestication and use of animals. Water buffalo are used as draft animals to pull wagons and farm equipment in southern Asia, where they are adapted to the high temperature and humidity, while horses, which thrive in moderate climates, were the principal draft animals in the temperate regions until they were replaced by tractors. Cattle from India that are acclimatized to hot and humid conditions are prevalent in the southern United States because they are better adapted to the climate of the region than European cattle. Domesticated animals used primarily for work, transport, and leisure are widely distributed. They include the horse, mule, donkey (see Ass), ox, buffalo and camel.



HORSE
The domestic horse is classified as Equus caballus. Horse, large land mammal notable for its speed, strength, and endurance. Horses are members of the Equidae family. The horse is extremely well adapted to travelling long distances with great efficiency and to surviving on a diet of nutrient-poor, high-fibre grasses. The horse is an intensely social animal. The horse has ability to bond with and obey a human trainer. Horses were domesticated in Eurasia around 6,000 years ago. Throughout much of human history, they have provided humans with mobility and have served in agriculture, warfare, and sport. As a result of deliberate breeding by humans, horses display a remarkable variation in size, body shape, and coat colour. The horse has a hairy coat and a long mane and tail. Horses have the largest eyes of any land mammal. The large eyes enable horses to see almost directly behind themselves, even while facing forward. Their night vision is excellent. Horses have powerful teeth and jaws to grind and break down plant fibres. Horses can close their wide nostrils against dusty winds, and they can move their large ears to detect sounds from various directions. By “standing on its toes,” the horse has a very long leg for an animal of its size, but also a very light leg, since toes are lightweight structures, carrying a minimum of bone and tendon and no muscle at all. A long leg produces a long stride, and a light leg allows the horse to swing its limbs back and forth quickly with a minimal expenditure of energy. The top speed of the horse is about 70 km/h (45 mph).Horses reach sexual maturity at about one and a half years. The gestational period in the horse averages 11 months.Horse breeds are often divided into three broad classes: light horses, heavy horses, and ponies. • Light horses include saddle horses, such as thoroughbreds, quarter horses, and Arabians; and light harness horses.• Heavy horses include draft horses and coach horses. Coach horses were bred for pulling large carriages and for light farm work.• Ponies are usually defined as any horse that stands less than 14.5 hands high. Ponies have a reputation for being smart and wily.Throughout the Middle Ages (around the 5th century to the 15th century ad) and even until modern times, the horse played a pivotal role in expanding trade, in exploring new lands, and in providing the motive power for farm work. Today most horses are pleasure and sport animals. Popular activities on horseback include trail riding and competition in horse shows and rodeo events. Horses are still used for draft in many countries of the world. They are also used for controlling other types of animals, for carrying packs, and for riding for leisure and sport. The world population of horses is estimated at about 56 million; approximately half are in North and South America and Africa, and half in Asia and Europe. Many horses that are lightly worked or not worked at all thrive without any difficulty on grasses found in pastures, and without any special food. All horses need continual access to fresh water and mineral salt blocks that provide needed trace minerals in their diet. Working horses typically need several quarts of grain a day in addition to hay.

MULE
Mule, hybrid offspring of the jackass (male ass) and the mare, much used and valued in many parts of the world as a beast of burden. The head, ears, croup, and tail resemble those of the ass, but in bulk and stature the mule resembles the horse, and seems to excel both its parents in sagacity, muscular endurance, surefootedness, and length of life. The hinny is the hybrid offspring of the jenny (female ass) and the stallion (male horse). It has a bushier tail and a heavier body than the mule and is by nature a more tractable animal. Male mules are generally sterile, but sterility is not a necessary consequence of hybridization. Female mules have been successfully crossed with horses or asses to produce foals.

CATTLE
Cattle, common term for the domesticated herbivorous mammals that constitute the genus Bos, of the family Bovidae, and that are of great importance to humans because of the meat, milk, leather, glue, gelatin, and other items of commerce they yield. It is believed that cattle were domesticated about 8,500 years ago in southeastern Europe, with Southeast Asia a probable second centre of domestication. B. taurus, which originated in Europe and includes most modern breeds of dairy and beef cattle. The ox belongs to the family Bovidae in the order Artiodactyla. The most common species is classified as Bos taurus. Ox, plural, oxen, domesticated cow or bull used for agricultural work as a draft animal (an animal that pulls a cart or wagon) or as a pack animal (an animal that carries cargo on its back). Oxen have a body length of about 2.5 to 3.5 m (about 8 to 12 ft), with a shoulder height of about 90 to 110 cm (about 36 to 44 in). They weigh about 450 to 1000 kg (about 990 to 2200 lb). An ox is distinguished by short hair and smooth horns that generally curve out and up, sometimes extending up to 61 cm (24 in). Male oxen are typically castrated (sexually neutered by the removal of testes) to produce a larger, stronger, and more docile animal. Oxen hauled carts loaded with crops from the fields to barns and to markets, pulled ploughs in fields, and turned wheels that lifted water from wells and canals. The ox also was used to pack personal property. So essential was the ox to the survival of humans that it was worshiped by some early religions. For thousands of years, the ox remained the primary draft animal on farms in most of the world. Unlike a horse or a mule, an ox pulled wagons through mud and swam across streams. The zebu, or Brahman, cattle, B. indicus, were domesticated in southern Asia about the same time or a little later. Zebu, common name for several breeds of domesticated humped cattle native to southern Asia. A large, muscular hump on the back above the shoulders is its most conspicuous characteristic. Most zebus have short horns, pendulous ears, and huge dewlaps. Cattle are used extensively in Africa and Asia as beasts of burden and for their milk and flesh. White bulls are regarded as sacred by certain sects of Hindus; hence, the entire species is known in some parts of the world. Zebu is highly resistant to heat and tropical diseases. Early records indicate that cattle were used for draft, milk, sacrifice, and, in some instances, for meat and sport. Today about 274 important recognized breeds exist, and many other varieties and types that could be described have not attained breed status. Dairy cattle are those breeds that have been developed primarily to produce milk. Among the major dairy breeds of B. indicus found primarily in India are the Gir, Hariana, Red Sindhi, Sahiwal, and Tharparker. Dairy Farming, the branch of agriculture concerned with production and use of milk and milk products. Dairy products include whole fluid milk, low-fat fluid milk, flavoured milk, whole and non-fat dry milk, butter, cheese, evaporated and condensed milk, frozen dairy products, and fermented products such as sour cream and yogurt.

BUFFALO
Buffalo belong to the family Bovidae, subfamily Bovinae. The Asian buffalo is classified as Bubalus bubalis. Buffalo, wild or domesticated oxen native to Asia and Africa. Like domestic cattle and some other artiodactyl mammals, buffalo are cud chewing and have cloven hooves and permanent horns, but they are much larger and more powerful than cattle. The Asian, or water, buffalo is a native of India and other parts of Asia. Measuring up to 1.8 m (6 ft) at the shoulder, the water buffalo has thick horns that sweep in an outward curve back toward the shoulders and may extend up to 1.2 m (3.9 ft) from tip to tip. Broad, splayed feet enable the animal to live in a marshy habitat. The water buffalo has short, stiff, scanty hair, and a large portion of the hide is bare and glossy. In the wild, the water buffalo is dangerous if aroused. The animal has been domesticated, however, and has been used as a draft animal since ancient times.

FOWL
Fowl belong to the order Galliformes. The common domestic fowl, or chicken, belongs to the family Phasianidae and is classified as Gallus gallus. Fowl, term means any bird, which is edible. In modern usage the word usually is restricted to the common domestic chicken. In poultry markets, fowl commonly means a full-grown female bird. Domestic fowl probably originated in Southeast Asia. Young birds of both sexes, such as broilers and fryers, are called chickens. On poultry farms, male chickens are called roosters or cocks; females, especially those more than a year old, are called hens; females less than a year old are called pullets; very young chickens of either sex are called chicks; and castrated males are called capons. The domestic fowl is adapted for living on the ground, where it finds its natural foods, consisting chiefly of worms, insects, seeds, and green stuff. The feet, usually four-toed are designed for scratching the earth. The large, heavy body and short wings make most breeds incapable of flying except for short distances. The crop is large and the gizzard strongly muscular. In adults of both sexes the head is decorated with wattles and a naked, fleshy crest, called the comb, which is more prominent in the male and is variously shaped in the different breeds and varieties. Plumage of various fowl ranges in colour through white, grey, yellow, blue, red, brown, and black. A group of breeds developed in a single country or geographical area is often called a class. In habit, chickens are strictly diurnal, highly gregarious, and polygamous; cocks of the game breeds are especially noted for their courage and pugnacity with rivals. The high fecundity of the species is an important characteristic, especially because the eggs as well as the meat are prized as food. Female chickens lay their eggs on the ground, in tall grass or weeds. The incubation period is approximately three weeks. The chicks, when hatched, they are not naked but covered with down and are immediately able to run around. Although they are able to feed themselves, newly hatched chicks can survive about a week without eating, subsisting on egg yolk that is included in the abdomen.

GOAT
Goats belong to the family Bovidae. They make up the genus Capra. The domestic goats classified as Capra hircus. Goat, common name for any of eight species of cloven-hoofed, horned mammals closely related to the sheep. The two differ in that the goat's tail is shorter and the hollow horns are long and directed upward, backward, and outward, while those of the sheep are spirally twisted. The male goats have beards, unlike sheep, and differ further by the characteristic strong odour they give off in the rutting season. The female goat, or doe, which has smaller horns than the male, in ordinary usage is often termed goat or nanny goat. The young are called kids. The male goat is called buck, or, colloquially, billy goat. Goats are nomadic and are generally found in mountainous habitats. They are agile animals. Goats are gregarious, except for old bucks, which tend to live by themselves and which serve sometimes as sentinels or scouts on the outer edges of herds. The goat feeds on greens in pastures and on the branches and leaves of shrubbery. It breeds in the fall, generally between October and December. The gestation period is five months or, in some species, a few weeks longer. Two kids are usually produced at birth. They are soon able to move with the herd and mature sexually at two to five years. A number of breeds of goat are raised domestically throughout the world. These animals probably descended from the bezoar goat. The goat is used for meat, as a milk producer, as a pet, and as a beast of burden. Many parts of the animal are economically valuable for a variety of purposes, such as the skins for leather and the pelts for rugs and robes. One variety of domestic goat, important for its commercial value, is the Angora. The most valuable Angora is covered, except for the face and the legs below the knees, with long, fine, silky hair called mohair. The brilliant, transparent texture of mohair has made it a valued material. The Kashmir goat, a small animal native to the Jammu and Kashmir region of India and Pakistan, is the source of fine wool cashmere. Goat's milk compares favourably in nutritive value with cow's milk and is more easily digested by many people. It is used extensively in making cheeses.

SHEEP
Sheep belong to the suborder Ruminantia of the order Artiodactyla. They make up the genus Ovis in the family Bovidae. The domesticated sheep is classified as Ovis aries. Sheep is the most widely distributed kind of domestic animal, found in nearly all countries. Sheep were probably domesticated about 11,000 years ago in what is now northern Iraq. Sheeps are even-toed, hoofed animals. They are cud-chewing animals with the upper incisor teeth missing. They have paired, hollow, horns. The horns of the adult male, or ram, are massive and spirally curved. The horns of the adult female, or ewe, are short and only slightly curved. Sheep typically have a long, fairly narrow muzzle and pointed ears. The length of the head and body averages about 1.5 m (about 5 ft), with a short tail, and an adult may weigh 75 to 200 kg (165 to 440 lb). The female bears up to three young after a gestation period of about 150 days. Sheep live as long as 20 years. Besides providing pelts and wool for clothing and carpets, meat in the form of lamb and mutton, and milk for drinking and cheese making, sheep are used to a limited extent as pack animals, and the wild species are hunted as game. Several distinct types and more than 800 breeds of domesticated sheep have been developed. The breeds are adapted to environments that range from desert to tropical condition. Sheep bred for their fine wool account for nearly half the world sheep population. They are adapted to semiarid conditions and are characterized as medium in size, with the ability to produce large amounts of wool fibres 20 micrometers or less in diameter. Many attempts have been made to obtain the superior wool characteristics of fine-wool breeds with the meat-producing abilities of other breeds. Fat tailed sheep are kept primarily for their milk-producing ability, which is higher than that of other types; their wool, however, is coarse and long and is used primarily for making carpets. Fat-tailed sheep are found mainly in the extremely arid regions. Domesticated sheep on the whole are much more woolly than their wild allies. Sheep are used for wool, meat (mutton and lamb), and to a small extent for milk. Sheep are commonly divided into three types based on whether their wool is fine, medium, or coarse. Perhaps the first animals to be used in husbandry.

HOG
Hogs belong to the family Suidae of the suborder Bunodontia in the order Artiodactyla. They are classified in the genus Sus. The Southeast Asian wild swine as Sus vittatus. Hog is extensively raised in almost every part of the world as a food animal. Hogs belong to the order of even-toed hoofed animals. They are further classified into the suborder of animals with 44 teeth, including two enlarged canines in each jaw that grow upward and outward to form tusks. The terms hog, swine, and pig are often used interchangeably for these animals. They were first domesticated in China about 9000 years ago, and later in Europe. The adult domestic swine has a heavy, rounded body; a comparatively long, flexible snout; short legs with cloven hooves; and a short tail. The thick but sensitive skin is partly covered with coarse bristles and exhibits a wide range of colour patterns. Like all swine, domestic hogs are quick-footed, intelligent animals. Well adapted for the production of meat because they grow and mature rapidly, hogs have a short gestation period of about 114 days, and they produce large numbers of young each time they give birth. They are omnivorous and can scavenge a wide range of foods—perhaps one of the reasons they were first domesticated. As food sources, they convert cereal grains and legumes such as soybeans into meat. Other than meat, products from swine include leather (pigskin) for luggage and gloves, and bristles for brushes. For centuries they have also been used as a primary source of edible fat. An estimated 90 breeds are recognized today, in addition to more than 200 varieties. The major breeds also differ in growth rate, the number of young produced, mature body size, and ability to graze. Swine are reared under more intensive conditions than cattle and sheep. Newborn pigs are highly sensitive to cold. In addition, pigs have no sweat glands, so larger pigs must have facilities for keeping cool in warm environments. Hogs are adapted to temperate and semitropical climates and are found in many different areas of the world.



CONCERNS
The major concern of animal husbandry today is the extent to which production can be maintained as the human population increases. The goal of research has been to increase the efficiency of the production of animal products by genetic selection and genetic engineering. Research is also being directed toward the development of animal strains in areas deficient in protein. Also at issue are special additives, including hormones, antibiotics, vitamins, and other substances used to increase growth or productivity. The two most controversial growth additives are the hormone diethylstilbestrol (DES) and antibiotics. DES is now banned because in high doses it was found to be capable of causing cancer. Scientists who advocate the banning of antibiotics argue that resistant strains of bacteria in animals might transfer their resistance to bacteria that infect humans. Scientists have recently expressed concern that the focus on producing specialized and fewer breeds has led to diminished biodiversity among livestock, as well as threatened the extinction of remaining breeds that, although currently unpopular, might have traits needed in the future. Recently, several organizations have established conservation programs for threatened domestic breeds of cattle, sheep, horses, and swine. These programs will not only ensure survival of these breeds, but also provide invaluable genetic resources for currently popular breeds. Eventually the physiological limits of all domestic animals may prevent further increases in yield. If the human population continues to expand and food supplies become scarcer, the proportion of food that can be used to feed animals will then decrease, and animal products will be in shorter supply and more expensive.

Harry Potter - a poem

Harry Potter,
will just get hotter.

With new releases of Order of the phoenix
and Deathly Hallows,
watch out for both my dear fellows.

Harry, stronger than ever,
sturdy, tough and clever.
He will duel with evil
and slay the devil.

His friends Hermione and Ron,
will assist him till Voldemort has gone.
D.A. members will help a lot,
as they possess strength that
Dark Lord knows not.

I have got pottermania
and hope same for you.
I like Potter movies and books,
don't you?

A story By me

I wrote this story at age of 9. It is ridiculous as use of grammar is completely excluded. Read and enjoy !

On 28 december our second Term exams were starting. Everyone was looking happy. Before giving the exams the whole class decided to go to a forest to see the animals of the forest. Everyone was holding pistols for their safety. Two Jeeps were booked.
All the students were happy. We go to forest with two teachers and five servants. Our Jeeps stared to go toward the forest. When we came to the middle of the forest then I hear some sounds. These sounds are like the sounds of Elephants. I was afraid. The whole class asked me to tell from whom thing you are afraid. I donot told them. Night was falling. Everyone was frightened. We are in the discovery of a safe place. Suddenly a insect called creepy crawlies came and bit one of our class. In the left side a insect named Kun Khajura was trotting. When it saw the creepy crawlies, in a second he came to it and hunt him. One of our class was died. All students were very sad. Suddenly a tiger came to hunt the class which was safe. The class took their pistols and killed the tiger. Morning was starting. The class was very very hungry. Near the place where tiger was killed there was a river. In the river there were lot of fishes. We caught 10 fishes and eat them. After the breakfast we started to go back to the college. The dead bodies of some childrens were also carried in jeep. The parents of died Childrens were crying loudly. Our exams were at next monday. The names of died children were written with large words.

Human Evolution

"Man came from monkey".
This is a famous quotation. In fact humans evolved from ape like ancestors which came from monkeys, thus humans are related to monkeys. Scientists have proved that our 98 % genes are exactly same as that of ape. Our closest relative is Chimpanzee.
Chimpanzees are alike humans in many aspects as they live in families, they can make simple tools to dig land to find termites, their food. They show a variety of emotions. The only differance between them and us is, we can walk fully erect, we posses power of speech and we posses a powerful brain. The thing man cannot do while chimpanzee can is, leaping and climbing tree to tree.
In this post I am putting some generalised dates in human evolution.
1. Homo habilis (2.4 million - 1.5 million years ago) It was more like an ape and could not walk erect.
2. Homo rudolfensis (2.0 million - 1.8 million)
3. Homo ergaster (1.9 million - 1.5 million)
4. Homo erectus (1.6 million - 70,000 years ago) It was first hominid with somewhat human like appearance. It can walk fully upright on its feet.
5. Homo heidelbergensis (1.5 million - 50,000 years) It was in parallel evolution with Homo erectus but it became extinct due to natural selection of Homo erectus.
6. Homo neanderthalensis (1.0 million - 36,000 years) It was a perfect homonid. It possesed a huge and well built body. It dwelled in caves near modern Germany.
7. Homo sapiens (40,000 years - till now) sapiens met immediate success as they can cope with any type of environment. Soon they spread to all continents. They used their brain and modernised into societies or civilizations.

Quiz

1. Lion has the smallest heart in whole Order Carnivora.
2. Rat is only mammal which can live maximum days without water.
3. On every 2.5 centimeter square of our earth, an atmospheric pressure of 6 kg is always exists.
4. The Lithophone is the oldest musical instrument.
5. The Bended sea snake is the longest water snake in India.
6. Flying lizards are found in Japan.
7. Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir, India) is a cold desert.
8. King Cobra is the only snake that makes a nest.
9. the tallest hotel is in Dubai and it is 1,059 feet high.

10. When Mohammed Ghazni looted India 17 times between 1050 A.D. to 1150 A.D.(approximately), he carried away huge sum.

He carried away :-
3,724,000 Dirhams (old currency)
2,260,000 Dinars (currency)
8,600 kg Gold
80,000 kg Silver
20 valuable gems
1 Blue diamond worth 50 kg by weight
50 war elephants
28,000 kg gold and silver utensils
A house of silver that can be folded and then reconstructed (30 m by 15 m)So big treasure !

(The above data is only approximation. Real figure is more than this)

A Poem by me for my Brother

This poem is dedicated to my loving brother Akshdeep Saini.

TROUBLESOME TIGER

Akshay and I,
went shooting for some fun.
We came upon a tiger, large,
At him we pointed our old guns.

Shot missed the tiger,
anger hit over him.
We forgot our own names,
thoughts and kin.

Frightened as we were,
ran like we were soaring.
Tiger came after us,
running and roaring.

We leaped into our jeep
and only miles we went.
Tiger came chasing us,
by following our scent.

Fuel came to an end,
Tiger behind us screamed.
Our lives were near death,
But thank God,
it was only a dream.

Information on cockroach

CLASSIFICATION

Domain : - Eukaryote
Kingdom : - Animalia
Phylum : - Arthropoda
Class : - Insecta
Order : - Dictyoptera
Genus : - Periplaneta
Species :- Americana

Habitat
Cockroaches are found at places where there is warmth and food remains i.e. warm, dark and damp places. They commonly inhabit kitchens, restaurants, bakeries, grocer's shops, fruit stalls, store houses, godowns, railway wagons, ships, etc. They are numerous in underground drains and sewage systems.

General Characteristics
The cockroach has an elongated, ovoid, dorso-ventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical body. It is shining dark brown in colour. It is 2-4 cm long and 1 cm wide. The body of cockroach is externally covered by hard brown chitinous plates called sclerites. The sclerites are joined with one another by thin, flexible, soft articular or arthrodial membranes. The various sclerites collectively constitute the exoskeleton.

Exoskeleton protects the body and provides space for the attachment of muscles. The body is distinctly divided into 3 regions: - Head, thorax and abdomen.
Head lies at right angle to the long axis of body and is called hypognathous. Neck is short, soft and thin region which connects the head with thorax and allows the movement of head in all directions. Top of head capsule, vertex, is divided into two epicranial plates by an epicranial suture. Cockroaches have kidney shaped, dorsolaterally placed compound eyes which allow them to see simultaneously in almost all directions around its body. Each eye is made up of 2,000 individual hexagonal lenses called omatidia. Near the eye there is a pair of long, slender, tapering filaments called antennae which arises from antennal socket and can be moved in all the directions. Antenna has tactile sensory bristles which help in detecting the presence of food and the object in front.

Cockroach has very long legs. Each leg is composed of five parts or podomeres namely coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus. Terminal part has claws and pads that help cockroach in holding the substratum firmly. Hairs on the legs of a cockroach provide an extra sense of touch. There are present two pairs of wings on cockroach. Wings are membranous outgrowths of body wall supported by network of nervures. The first pair is called mesothoracic wings and are not used in flight. They are protective in function. The second pair known as metathoracic wings is the real organ of flight.
Abdomen is the posterior and largest part of the body having ten segments. Certain segments have spiracles and stink glands. There are eight pairs of spiracles which lead into tracheae and help in respiratory exchange of gases. The stink gland's secretion gives a characteristic foul smell to cockroach. Cerci are the two little hairs on the rear end of a cockroach. They act like a motion detector.

Reproduction
Cockroaches are unisexual and oviparous. Male genital aperture is situated on 10th abdominal segment and genital aperture of female lies on 8th segment. There are small chitinous processes around genital apertures of both male and female called gonapophyses.
To attract mates, the female cockroach produces an odour (a pheromone) that excites male cockroaches. Male and female cockroaches come together by their posterior ends. Males produce a package of sperm called spermatophore which is covered by three layers.

Gonapophyses of male open the brood pouch or genital chamber of female and spermatophore is transferred into it by help of three chitinous structures called phallomeres. Sperms are liberated from the spermatophore and they reach spermatheca. Eggs come from both ovaries and pass into genital chamber where they are fertilized by sperms from ootheca. Certain secretion form egg case or ootheca in which eggs are kept. Young ones that hatch from eggs resemble the adult and are called nymphs. Nymphs undergo moulting or ecdysis 6-7 times and grows to become adult in one year.

Nutrition
The biting and chewing mouth parts of cockroach consist of a labrum, two mandibles, two maxillae, a labium and a hypo pharynx. Labrum and maxillae hold the food, mandibles cut and masticate the food, and labium checks the loss of food particles from mandibles as they are being chewed up. Hypo pharynx receives saliva from salivary duct and directs it on to the food. Cockroaches are omnivorous. They feed on almost all kinds of food matter including human food, paper, leather, cloth and dead bodies of animals, even dead bodies of their own fellows (cannibalism). They prefer starch containing food.

Economic Importance
Cockroaches cause damage to house hold materials such as clothes, shoes, purses and paper. They pollute and consume our food - fruits, bread, cheese, etc. They also spread foul smell in kitchens. The cockroaches are eaten in certain parts of the world such as Myanmar and South America. Many animals such as amphibians (e.g., frogs, toads), lizards, birds and rodents eat cockroaches. They are part of food chain. They are also used as laboratory animals.

Information on honey bee

HONEY BEE

CLASSIFICATION

Domain : - Eukaryote
Kingdom : - Animalia
Phylum : - Arthropoda
Class : - Insecta
Order : - Hymenoptera
Genus : - Apis
Species : - indica

Habitat
Honey bees originated in Tropical Africa and spread from there to Northern Europe and East into Asia. It is also called the Western honey bee. Honey bees are highly colonial and polymorphic insects. They have best developed social life. It is originally an inhabitant of hills, but now occurs in plains also. Honey Bees live in a nest, called a "hive." Hive hangs vertically from trees, buildings and rocks. A single hive can have up to 80,000 bees, mostly workers.

General Characteristics
The honeybee is about 12 mm (1/2 inch) long and dark brown and black, densely hairy body with 3 or 5 dark brown abdominal bands. They carry two pairs of wings which are membranous and have few veins. Bees have six legs, a pair of elbowed antennae, compound eyes, jointed legs, and a hard exoskeleton. The three body parts are the head, thorax, and abdomen (the tail end). The head, antennae, and legs are black. The head is mobile and bears three ocelli and lapping mouth parts. Bees can fly about 24 kph.
There are three types of honey bees: - the queen, workers and drones - males which develop parthenogenetically. Drones mate with the queen and then they die.
Queen bee :- The hive is ruled over by a queen bee. She is the largest bee having a large body with tapering abdomen and reduced mouth parts. She is the only fertile female to mate and her only work is to lay eggs and she is mother of almost entire colony.
Worker bees: - Most bees are workers which are sterile females. They develop from fertilized eggs. They have a stout. broad body with very large eyes, powerful wings and feeble mouth parts. The workers do all of the work inside and outside of the hive. They have chewing and lapping type of mouth parts.
They are further divided into tree major groups: - scavenger bees, nurse bees, field bees. Worker bees of a certain age will secrete beeswax from a series of glands on their abdomen. They use the wax to form the walls and caps of the comb. Their jobs include: caring for larvae (baby bees, cleaning up the hive, storing pollen, making honey, guarding the hive, collecting pollen and nectar. Workers cooperate to find food and use a pattern of "dancing" (known as the bee dance or waggle dance) to communicate with each other. When a bee finds a good place with lots of flowers, she marks the spot with a scent. She then goes back to the hive and does a little "dance" which tells the other bees the distance and direction to go. This communication helps the hive locate good places so they don't waste time always looking for flowers.
Honey bees can sting, all honey bees live in colonies where the workers will sting intruders if they, or the hive, are in danger, and alarmed bees will release a pheromone that stimulates the attack response in other bees. The stinger is attached to a venom gland in the abdomen. The sting apparatus has its own musculature and ganglion. Muscle attached to the venom gland continues to pump poison into the wound, even after the bee is gone.

Reproduction
Virgin queens go on mating flights away from their home colony, and mate with multiple drones before returning. The drones die in the act of mating. The queen lays eggs which become either males, workers, or new queens, depending on the time of year and the age of the hive. Eggs are laid singly in a cell in a wax honeycomb, produced and shaped by the workers. The egg hatches into a worm-like larva. Larvae are initially fed with royal jelly produced by worker bees, later switching to honey and pollen. The exception is a larva fed solely on royal jelly, which will develop into a queen bee. Bees undergo complete metamorphosis. The larva undergoes several moulting before spinning a cocoon within the cell, and pupating and hatch out as adult bees.
After old queen makes new queens and the colony becomes overcrowded, she will leave the nest with some workers to start a new hive. The first new queen will kill all the others, and then she will be the queen of the old hive.


Nutrition
Larvae eat honey. Honey is the complex substance made when the nectar and sweet deposits from plants and trees are gathered, modified and stored in the honeycomb. The worker bee drinks as much nectar as she can hold. When she gets back to the hive, she passes the nectar on to another worker. This worker holds the nectar on her tongue until the water evaporates (leaves the nectar to go back into the air). She is left with honey on her tongue, which is stored in the hive. Bees eat their store of honey in the winter, when there is no food. Queen bees eat royal jelly. Royal jelly is a paste made by worker bees. Worker bees eat nectar and pollen from flowers. Nectar is a sweet liquid made by flowers, and pollen is a powdery substance which must be transferred from one flower to another to make more flowers. In the hive, pollen is used as a protein source necessary during brood-rearing.

Economic Importance
Honey bees visit many different types of flowers, including clover, dandelions, goldenrod, fruit trees, and milkweed. In the process of going from flower to flower to collect nectar, pollen from many plants gets stuck on the bee's pollen baskets (hairs on the hind legs). Pollen is also rubbed off of flowers. This pollinates many flowers (fertilizing them and producing seeds).Honey bees provide bee wax that is used in making candles, polishes, toilet goods, cosmetics, electric goods, carbon paper, etc.Their sting is poisonous and sometimes fatal to man when they attack in large numbers. Rearing of honey bees to obtain honey and bee wax is called apiculture.